How do I squash my last N commits together into one commit?
You can do this fairly easily without git rebase
or git merge --squash
. In this example, we'll squash the last 3 commits.
If you want to write the new commit message from scratch, this suffices:
git reset --soft HEAD~3 &&
git commit
If you want to start editing the new commit message with a concatenation of the existing commit messages (i.e. similar to what a pick/squash/squash/…/squash git rebase -i
instruction list would start you with), then you need to extract those messages and pass them to git commit
:
git reset --soft HEAD~3 &&
git commit --edit -m"$(git log --format=%B --reverse HEAD..HEAD@{1})"
Both of those methods squash the last three commits into a single new commit in the same way. The soft reset just re-points HEAD to the last commit that you do not want to squash. Neither the index nor the working tree are touched by the soft reset, leaving the index in the desired state for your new commit (i.e. it already has all the changes from the commits that you are about to “throw away”).
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
git rebase --squash-recent
, or even git commit --amend-many
. - anyone branch@{upstream}
(or just @{upstream}
for the current branch; in both cases, the last part can be abbreviated to @{u}
; see gitrevisions). This may differ from your “last pushed commit” (e.g. if someone else pushed something that built atop your most recent push and then you fetched that), but seems like it might be close to what you want. - anyone push -f
but otherwise it was lovely, thanks. - anyone git push --force
afterwards so that it takes the commit - anyone Use git rebase -i <after-this-commit>
and replace "pick" on the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup", as described in the manual.
In this example, <after-this-commit>
is either the SHA1 hash or the relative location from the HEAD of the current branch from which commits are analyzed for the rebase command. For example, if the user wishes to view 5 commits from the current HEAD in the past the command is git rebase -i HEAD~5
.
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
<after-this-commit>
? - anyone <after-this-commit>
is commit X+1 i.e. parent of the oldest commit you want to squash. - anyone rebase -i
approach and reset --soft
is, rebase -i
allows me to retain the commit author, while reset --soft
allows me to recommit. Sometimes i need to squash commits of pull requests yet maintaining the author information. Sometimes i need to reset soft on my own commits. Upvotes to both great answers anyways. - anyone Use git rebase -i <after-this-commit> and replace "pick" on the second and subsequent commits with "squash" or "fixup", as described in the manual.
uhhhh... wut? - anyone You can use git merge --squash
for this, which is slightly more elegant than git rebase -i
. Suppose you're on master and you want to squash the last 12 commits into one.
WARNING: First make sure you commit your work—check that git status
is clean (since git reset --hard
will throw away staged and unstaged changes)
Then:
# Reset the current branch to the commit just before the last 12:
git reset --hard HEAD~12
# HEAD@{1} is where the branch was just before the previous command.
# This command sets the state of the index to be as it would just
# after a merge from that commit:
git merge --squash HEAD@{1}
# Commit those squashed changes. The commit message will be helpfully
# prepopulated with the commit messages of all the squashed commits:
git commit
The documentation for git merge
describes the --squash
option in more detail.
Update: the only real advantage of this method over the simpler git reset --soft HEAD~12 && git commit
suggested by Chris Johnsen in his answer is that you get the commit message prepopulated with every commit message that you're squashing.
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
git merge --squash
is also easier to use in a script. Essentially, the reasoning was that you don't need the "interactivity" of git rebase -i
at all for this. - anyone git reset --hard
) touches a lot more files. If you're using Unity3D, for instance, you'll appreciate less files being touched. - anyone git merge --squash
is less likely to produce merge conflicts in the face of moves/deletes/renames compared to rebasing, especially if you're merging from a local branch. (disclaimer: based on only one experience, correct me if this isn't true in the general case!) - anyone HEAD@{1}
just to be on the safe side e.g. when your workflow is interrupted for an hour by a power outage etc. - anyone 2020 Simple solution without rebase :
git reset --soft HEAD~2
git commit -m "new commit message"
git push -f
2 means the last two commits will be squashed. You can replace it by any number
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
-f (force)
option in push
is a dangerous practice, particularly if you're pushing to a shared repo (i.e public history) that'll make life dfficult for contributors - anyone git reset --soft $(git merge-base feature master)
and then git commit
. - anyone --force
. Doing this aligns you well with the rest of the team and different remote locations as you know what is going on. Also you know which part of the history has stabilized already. No need to hide that. - anyone force
should be actually encouraged with very well communicated impacts of this approach –– Force-pushing goes hand in hand with rebase and synchronization of work so it is better, in my humble opinion, that more people know about the effects of this action, rather than being an exoteric command that people are scared to use. - anyone I recommend avoiding git reset
when possible -- especially for Git-novices. Unless you really need to automate a process based on a number of commits, there is a less exotic way...
git merge --squash (working branch name)
git commit
The commit message will be prepopulated based on the squash.
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
gitk
to label the line of code that you are squashing and also label the base upon which to squash to. In the normal case, both of these labels will already exist, so step (1) can be skipped. - anyone git branch your-feature && git reset --hard HEAD~N
the most convenient way. However, it does involve git reset again, which this answer tried to avoid. - anyone Thanks to this handy blog post I found that you can use this command to squash the last 3 commits:
git rebase -i HEAD~3
This is handy as it works even when you are on a local branch with no tracking information/remote repo.
The command will open the interactive rebase editor which then allows you to reorder, squash, reword, etc as per normal.
Using the interactive rebase editor:
The interactive rebase editor shows the last three commits. This constraint was determined by HEAD~3
when running the command git rebase -i HEAD~3
.
The most recent commit, HEAD
, is displayed first on line 1. The lines starting with a #
are comments/documentation.
The documentation displayed is pretty clear. On any given line you can change the command from pick
to a command of your choice.
I prefer to use the command fixup
as this "squashes" the commit's changes into the commit on the line above and discards the commit's message.
As the commit on line 1 is HEAD
, in most cases you would leave this as pick
.
You cannot use squash
or fixup
as there is no other commit to squash the commit into.
You may also change the order of the commits. This allows you to squash or fixup commits that are not adjacent chronologically.
A practical everyday example
I've recently committed a new feature. Since then, I have committed two bug fixes. But now I have discovered a bug (or maybe just a spelling error) in the new feature I committed. How annoying! I don't want a new commit polluting my commit history!
The first thing I do is fix the mistake and make a new commit with the comment squash this into my new feature!
.
I then run git log
or gitk
and get the commit SHA of the new feature (in this case 1ff9460
).
Next, I bring up the interactive rebase editor with git rebase -i 1ff9460~
. The ~
after the commit SHA tells the editor to include that commit in the editor.
Next, I move the commit containing the fix (fe7f1e0
) to underneath the feature commit, and change pick
to fixup
.
When closing the editor, the fix will get squashed into the feature commit and my commit history will look nice and clean!
This works well when all the commits are local, but if you try to change any commits already pushed to the remote you can really cause problems for other devs that have checked out the same branch!
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
pick
in line 1. If you choose squash
or fixup
for the commit on line 1, git will show a message saying "error: cannot 'fixup' without a previous commit". Then it will give you the option to fix it: "You can fix this with 'git rebase --edit-todo' and then run 'git rebase --continue'." or you can just abort and start over: "Or you can abort the rebase with 'git rebase --abort'.". - anyone gr3
: alias gr3='git rebase -i HEAD~3'
- anyone pick
the first line. And when you choose squash
or fixup
on a line, it will put the changes into the commit on the line above. - anyone Based on Chris Johnsen's answer,
Add a global "squash" alias from bash: (or Git Bash on Windows)
git config --global alias.squash '!f(){ git reset --soft HEAD~${1} && git commit --edit -m"$(git log --format=%B --reverse HEAD..HEAD@{1})"; };f'
... or using Windows' Command Prompt:
git config --global alias.squash "!f(){ git reset --soft HEAD~${1} && git commit --edit -m\"$(git log --format=%B --reverse HEAD..HEAD@{1})\"; };f"
[alias]
squash = "!f(){ git reset --soft HEAD~${1} && git commit --edit -m\"$(git log --format=%B --reverse HEAD..HEAD@{1})\"; };f"
git squash N
... Which automatically squashes together the last N
commits, inclusive.
Note: The resultant commit message is a combination of all the squashed commits, in order. If you are unhappy with that, you can always git commit --amend
to modify it manually. (Or, edit the alias to match your tastes.)
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
git squash -m "New summary."
and have N
determined automatically as the number of unpushed commits. - anyone git commit --amend
to further change the message, but this alias lets you have a good start on what should be in the commit message. - anyone In the branch you would like to combine the commits on, run:
git rebase -i HEAD~(n number of commits back to review)
example:
git rebase -i HEAD~2
This will open the text editor and you must switch the 'pick' in front of each commit with 'squash' if you would like these commits to be merged together. From documentation:
For example, if you are looking to merge all the commits into one, the 'pick' is the first commit you made and all future ones (placed below the first) should be set to 'squash'. If using vim, use :x in insert mode to save and exit the editor.
Then to continue the rebase:
git add .
git rebase --continue
For more on this and other ways to rewrite your commit history see this helpful post
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
--continue
and vim :x
does. - anyone git add
the correct configuration in your files you use git rebase --continue
to move to the next commit and start to merge. :x
is one command that will save the changes of the file when using vim see this - anyone To do this you can use following git command.
git rebase -i HEAD~n
n(=4 here) is the number of last commit. Then you got following options,
pick 01d1124 Message....
pick 6340aaa Message....
pick ebfd367 Message....
pick 30e0ccb Message....
Update like below pick
one commit and squash
the others into the most recent,
p 01d1124 Message....
s 6340aaa Message....
s ebfd367 Message....
s 30e0ccb Message....
For details click on the Link
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
Here is another visual example of what would follow after executing:
git rebase -i HEAD~3
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
If you use TortoiseGit, you can the function Combine to one commit
:
Show Log
Combine to one commit
from the context menuThis function automatically executes all necessary single git steps. Unfortunatly only available for Windows.
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
Many answers are based on git rebase
command, but in my experience it is somewhat complex and advanced for git-beginners.
Let's say you want to squash last 3 commits. Then following are the steps:
git log -1 --oneline
and note the commit-id of the present state (just in case you do something wrong with git reset)git reset --soft HEAD~3
you'll go back 3 commits (and sort of forget that you've had made these three commits earlier)git commit -m <NEW_SINGLE_MESSAGE>
which will automatically combine the three commits under your messageIn case something goes wrong with git reset, you can again return to the original state by git reset --soft <ORIGINAL_COMMIT>
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
git reset --soft HEAD~3
as a backup. This way you have an exact, easy to use replica of where you started. Even after you've force-pushed at the end - anyone Based on this article I found this method easier for my usecase.
My 'dev' branch was ahead of 'origin/dev' by 96 commits (so these commits were not pushed to the remote yet).
I wanted to squash these commits into one before pushing the change. I prefere to reset the branch to the state of 'origin/dev' (this will leave all changes from the 96 commits unstaged) and then commit the changes at once:
git reset origin/dev
git add --all
git commit -m 'my commit message'
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
Anomies answer is good, but I felt insecure about this so I decided to add a couple of screenshots.
See where you are with git log
. Most important, find the commit hash of the first commit you don't want to squash. So only the :
Execute git rebase -i [your hash]
, in my case:
$ git rebase -i 2d23ea524936e612fae1ac63c95b705db44d937d
In my case, I want to squash everything on the commit that was first in time. The ordering is from first to last, so exactly the other way as in git log
. In my case, I want:
If you have picked only one commit and squashed the rest, you can adjust one commit message:
That's it. Once you save this (:wq
), you're done. Have a look at it with git log
.
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
git log
- anyone I think the easiest way to do this is by making a new branch based on master and doing a merge --squash
of the feature branch.
git checkout master
git checkout -b feature_branch_squashed
git merge --squash feature_branch
Then you have all of the changes ready to commit.
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
git merge
- anyone 1) Identify the commit short hash
# git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
abcd1234 Update to Fix for issue B
cdababcd Fix issue B
deab3412 Fix issue A
....
Here even git log --oneline
also can be used to get short hash.
2) If you want to squash (merge) last two commit
# git rebase -i deab3412
3) This opens up a nano
editor for merging. And it looks like below
....
pick cdababcd Fix issue B
pick abcd1234 Update to Fix for issue B
....
4) Rename the word pick
to squash
which is present before abcd1234
. After rename it should be like below.
....
pick cdababcd Fix issue B
squash abcd1234 Update to Fix for issue B
....
5) Now save and close the nano
editor. Press ctrl + o
and press Enter
to save. And then press ctrl + x
to exit the editor.
6) Then nano
editor again opens for updating comments, if necessary update it.
7) Now its squashed successfully, you can verify it by checking logs.
# git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
1122abcd Fix issue B
deab3412 Fix issue A
....
8) Now push to repo. Note to add +
sign before the branch name. This means forced push.
# git push origin +master
Note : This is based on using git on ubuntu
shell. If you are using different os (Windows
or Mac
) then above commands are same except editor. You might get different editor.
git add <files>
--fixup
option and the OLDCOMMIT
should be on which we need to merge(squash) this commit.git commit --fixup=OLDCOMMIT
Now this creates a new commit on top of HEAD with fixup1 <OLDCOMMIT_MSG>
.
OLDCOMMIT
.git rebase --interactive --autosquash OLDCOMMIT^
Here ^
means the previous commit to OLDCOMMIT
. This rebase
command opens interactive window on a editor (vim or nano) on that
we no need to do anything just save and exiting is sufficient. Because the option passed to this will automatically move the latest
commit to next to old commit and change the operation to fixup
(equivalent to squash). Then rebase continues and finishes.
--amend
can be used with git-commit
. # git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
cdababcd Fix issue B
deab3412 Fix issue A
....
# git add <files> # New changes
# git commit --amend
# git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
1d4ab2e1 Fix issue B
deab3412 Fix issue A
....
Here --amend
merges the new changes to last commit cdababcd
and generates new commit ID 1d4ab2e1
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
To squash the last 10 commits into 1 single commit:
git reset --soft HEAD~10 && git commit -m "squashed commit"
If you also want to update the remote branch with the squashed commit:
git push -f
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
If for example, you want to squash the last 3 commits to a single commit in a branch (remote repository) in for example: https://bitbucket.org
What I did is
git reset --soft HEAD~3
git commit
git push origin <branch_name> --force
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
If you are on a remote branch(called feature-branch
) cloned from a Golden Repository(golden_repo_name
), then here's the technique to squash your commits into one:
Checkout the golden repo
git checkout golden_repo_name
Create a new branch from it(golden repo) as follows
git checkout -b dev-branch
Squash merge with your local branch that you have already
git merge --squash feature-branch
Commit your changes (this will be the only commit that goes in dev-branch)
git commit -m "My feature complete"
Push the branch to your local repository
git push origin dev-branch
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
Did anyone mention how easy it is to do on IntelliJ IDEA UI:
git
windowSquash Commits
> Edit the squashed commit messageForce Push
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
What can be really convenient:
Find the commit hash you want to squash on top of, say d43e15
.
Now use
git reset d43e15
git commit -am 'new commit name'
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
method 1 if you have many commits
git rebase -i master
then press keyboard 'i' to edit
you will see like this:
pick etc1
pick etc2
pick etc2
replace the word pick with 'f'
and press esc y :wq
pick etc1 //this commit will the one commit
f etc2
f etc2
and press this command
git push origin +head
method 2 if you have few commits you can do this to delete a commit, you need to do same for delete your second commit and so on
git reset --soft HEAD^1 // or git reset --soft head~1
git commit --amend //then press `:wq`
git push -f
method 3 if you already have one commit and you dont want submit another commit more
git add files...
git commit --amend //then press `:wq`
git push origin +head
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
vi
set as your default editor in git. - anyone simple solution:
git reset --soft HEAD~5
git commit -m "commit message"
git push origin branch --force-with-lease
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
If you want to squish every commit into a single commit (e.g. when releasing a project publicly for the first time), try:
git checkout --orphan <new-branch>
git commit
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
This is super-duper kludgy, but in a kind of cool way, so I'll just toss it into the ring:
GIT_EDITOR='f() { if [ "$(basename $1)" = "git-rebase-todo" ]; then sed -i "2,\$s/pick/squash/" $1; else vim $1; fi }; f' git rebase -i foo~5 foo
Translation: provide a new "editor" for git which, if the filename to be edited is git-rebase-todo
(the interactive rebase prompt) changes all but the first "pick" to "squash", and otherwise spawns vim - so that when you're prompted to edit the squashed commit message, you get vim. (And obviously I was squashing the last five commits on branch foo, but you could change that however you like.)
I'd probably do what Mark Longair suggested, though.
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
gawk
. git -c core.editor="gawk -i inplace '{if(NR>1 && \$1==\"pick\"){\$1=\"squash\"} print \$0}'" rebase -i --autosquash HEAD~5
. - anyone GIT_SEQUENCE_EDITOR
, for I need autostash
- anyone Simple one-liner that always works, given that you are currently on the branch you want to squash, master is the branch it originated from, and the latest commit contains the commit message and author you wish to use:
git reset --soft $(git merge-base HEAD master) && git commit --reuse-message=HEAD@{1}
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
(MASTER)
Fleetwood Mac Fritz
║ ║
Add Danny Lindsey Stevie
Kirwan Buckingham Nicks
║ ╚═══╦══════╝
Add Christine ║
Perfect Buckingham
║ Nicks
LA1974══════════╝
║
║
Bill <══════ YOU ARE EDITING HERE
Clinton (CHECKED OUT, CURRENT WORKING DIRECTORY)
In this very abbreviated history of the https://github.com/fleetwood-mac/band-history repository you have opened a pull request to merge in the the Bill Clinton commit into the original (MASTER
) Fleetwood Mac commit.
You opened a pull request and on GitHub you see this:
Four commits:
Thinking that nobody would ever care to read the full repository history. (There actually is a repository, click the link above!) You decide to squash these commits. So you go and run git reset --soft HEAD~4 && git commit
. Then you git push --force
it onto GitHub to clean up your PR.
And what happens? You just made single commit that get from Fritz to Bill Clinton. Because you forgot that yesterday you were working on the Buckingham Nicks version of this project. And git log
doesn't match what you see on GitHub.
git checkout
themgit reset --soft
thatgit commit
that warps directly from the from to the toAnswered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
Easiest way to do this is using GitHub Desktop. Just select all the commits in your History, right-click and select "Squash x commits":
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
If you don't care about the commit messages of the in-between commits, you can use
git reset --mixed <commit-hash-into-which-you-want-to-squash>
git commit -a --amend
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
If you're working with GitLab, you can just click the Squash option in the Merge Request as shown below. The commit message will be the title of the Merge Request.
Answered 2023-09-20 20:01:24
GitLab Enterprise Edition 12.8.6-ee
it just randomly took a commit message for the squashed commit... - anyone